Web Site of the Department

Head of Department: Fahrunisa Neyzi

Professors: Gulen Aktas, Omur Akyuz*, Engin Arik, Metin Arik, Halûk Beker, Ersan Demiralp, Mehmet Erbudak•, Nihal Ercan, John Freely, Erhan Gulmez, Avadis Hacinliyan*, Levent Kurnaz, Serdar Nergiz, Fahrünisa Neyzi, Enis Oguz, Omer Oguz, Alpar Sevgen, Mikhail Sheftel, Yani Skarlatos, O. Teoman Turgut

Associate Professor: Askin Ankay, Taylan Akdogan

Assistant Professors: Adrian Barkan, Antonino Del Popolo, Ali Kaya, Jak Kornfilt, Muhittin Mungan, Tonguc Rador, Ibrahim Semiz

Instructors: Zuhal Kaplan, Sulun Turgay*

* Part time
• Adjunct

The undergraduate program in Physics offers students the opportunity to understand the fundamental laws of nature. The flexibility provided by several field options enables students to pursue subsequent professional work in physics or astrophysics, as well as in applied physics in areas such as electronics, medicine, or computational physics.

Physics students are expected to appreciate knowledge in fields other than physics. They are encouraged to develop interests through courses offered by other departments and to deepen this interest in one disciplinary area by selecting courses in a specific distribution field.

The Physics Department collaborates with all engineering and science departments in offering double-major programs to graduates and undergraduate students with a GPA of 3.00 or above. The students may at the same time earn a degree in physics by successfully completing a prescribed list of courses.

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

TOTAL: 133 credits.

Students who choose one of the Option Fields,

1) The Astrophysics Option
2) The Computational Physics Option
3) The Medical Physics Option
4) The Physical Electronics Option

are required to select four of their distribution electives from one of the following Distribution Fields.

1) Actuarial Mathematics
2) Archeometry
3) Business Administration
4) Chemistry
5) Environmental Studies
6) Foreign Languages
7) Humanities
8) Mathematical Economics
9) Molecular Biology
10) Oral and Written Communication
11) Physics Teaching

These fields include courses jointly approved by the Physics Department and other related departments. Detailed lists are available at the Physics Department.

The Double Major Program:

Students working for a B.S. or an M.S. degree in science or engineering at Bogazici University may at the same time earn a B.S. degree in Physics by successfully completing 40 credits of a prescribed list of courses.

STS Courses:

The Department of Physics is responsible for the organization and implementation of STS (Science, Technology, and Society) courses offered as HSS electives to science and engineering majors with junior or senior standing.

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

PHYS 101 Physics I (Fizik I) (3+1+2) 4
Vectors, kinematics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, conservation of energy, linear momentum and its conservation, rotation of rigid bodies about a fixed axis, angular momentum and its conservation. (One laboratory session every week.)

PHYS 102 Physics II (Fizik II) (3+1+2) 4
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, oscillations, gravitation, fluid statics and dynamics, waves in elastic media, introduction to thermodynamics and kinetic theory, sound. (One laboratory session every week.)
Prerequisite: PHYS 101.

PHYS 111 General Physics I (Genel Fizik I) (3+1+0) 3
General physics for students in social sciences. Basic principles of kinematics, dynamics and conservation laws, waves and electrical interaction.

PHYS 112 General Physics II (Genel Fizik II) (3+1+0) 3
General physics for students in social sciences and humanities. Basic principles of special and general relativity, anatomic models, elementary particles and matter waves, quantum theory.

PHYS 121 Introductory Mechanics and Thermodynamics (3+1+2) 4
(Mekanik ve Termodinamige Giris)
Introduction to mechanics and thermodynamics designed for students with advanced standing, through topics such as vectorial mechanics, equilibrium of rigid bodies, rotational dynamics, oscillations, waves and thermodynamics. Not offered to students who have taken PHYS 101, or PHYS 102, or PHYS 130. (One laboratory session every week.)

PHYS 125 Calculational Methods in Physics (1+1+0) 1
(Fizikte Hesaplama Yontemleri)
Properties of elementary functions; their graphs and values at special arguments. Expansions and approximation techniques used in scientific problems. Coordinate systems; areas and volumes of basic geometrical objects.

PHYS 130 Thermodynamics, Waves, Optics and Modern Physics (3+1+2) 4
(Thermodinamik Dalgalar, Optik ve Modern Fizik)
Introduction to thermodynamics, oscillations, waves, interferences and diffraction, gratings and spectra, quantization of energy and wave behavior of particules. No current credit with PHYS 102, or PHYS 121, or PHYS 202. (One laboratory session every week.)
Prerequisite: PHYS 101.

PHYS 136 Introduction to Scientific Report Writing and Computing (0+0+2) 1
(Rapor Yazimi ve Hesaplamaya Giris)
LATEX and MATLAB basics.

PHYS 142 Basic Concepts in Modern Physics (1+1+0) 1
(Modern Fizikte Temel Fikirler)
Stern-Gerlach filters: probability amplitudes and probabilities for various outcomes. Compatible and incompatible observables. Resolving power and uncertainly. Filtering signals spatially (temporally) and uncertainties in resolving their wavelengths (frequencies). Uncertainty principle and the stability of hydrogen atom. Concept of simultaneity in special relativity and applications.

PHYS 201 Physics III (Fizik III) (3+1+2) 4
Charge and matter, the electric field, Gauss law, electrostatic potential, capacitance, current and resistance, electromotive force and circuits, the magnetic field, Ampére's law, Faraday's law, inductance, magnetic properties of matter. (One laboratory session every week.)
Prerequisite: PHYS 101 or PHYS 121.

PHYS 202 Physics IV (Fizik IV) (3+1+2) 4
Electromagnetic oscillations, AC circuits. Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, light and its propagation, reflection, refraction, geometrical optics, interference and diffraction, gratings and spectra, polarization, the particle-like properties of electromagnetic radiation: photons, Bohr model and the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Prerequisite: PHYS 201.

PHYS 205 Exploring the Cosmos I (Evreni Kesfetmek I) (3+1+0) 3
A survey course primarily for non-science students, with heavily visual character (slides and some videos). No calculus or science background needed. Contents of, and sizes in the cosmos. Ancient astronomy. The scientific revolution. The inner planets: Earth, Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus. The gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Satellites and rings of giant planets. Pluto. The asteroid belt. Comets. The origin of the solar system.

PHYS 206 Exploring the Cosmos II (Evreni Kesfetmek II) (3+1+0) 3
A survey course primarily for non-science students, with heavily visual character (slides and some videos). No calculus or science background needed. Contents of, and sizes in the cosmos. The Sun. Solar energy. Stellar observations. Double stars. Classification of stars. Birth and evolution of stars. Death of stars: White dwarfs, novae, supernovae, neutron stars, black holes. The Milky Way, galaxies and the expansion of the universe. The Big Bang. Space exploration. Commercialization of space. Future life in space. Space travel. SETI: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

PHYS 212 Electrotechnology for Physicists (1+1+0) 1
(Fizikciler icin Elektroteknoloji)
A qualitative approach to basic equipment and machinery used in electrical power applications: Electrical contacts and switching, magnetic circuits, relays and contactors, transformers, DC generators and motors, induction and synchronous machines. Characteristics and control of electrical machinery.

PHYS 221 Thermal Properties of Matter (Maddenin Isil Ozellikleri) (3+2+0) 3
Elements of probability theory, Bernoulli, Poisson and Gaussian probability distributions. Random walk and diffusion. Thermal motion, molecular distribution of energy in crystals and gases, definition of temperature and the Boltzmann factor, statistical characterization of thermal equilibrium, entropy. Entropy and heat: second law of thermodynamics. Entropy of mixing. Open systems and free energy minimum principles. Applications of the equilibrium conditions: the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Raoult's law, Henry's law, Osmotic pressure. Ideal gases with internal degrees of freedom. Third law of thermodynamics.
Prerequisite: PHYS 102 or PHYS 130 or PHYS 121.

PHYS 290 Computer Applications in Physics (2+2+2) 3
(Fizikte Bilgisayar Uygulamalari)
The aim of this course is to give the student a knowledge about computer systems, use of peripherals and graphical user interfaces, scientific word processing (via WORD, WORD PERFECT or LATEX), tabulation, spreadsheets (via EXCEL or PARADOX), graphical presentations, application of these facilities to simple physical problems, electronic mail and information retrieval systems (Bitnet, Internet), rudiments of programming.

PHYS 301 Classical Mechanics I (Klasik Mekanik I) (3+2+0) 3
Review of basic mathematical tools used in mechanics. Dynamics of particles and systems of particles, motion under a central force, conservation of energy and momentum, dynamics of rigid body motion. Introduction to the mechanics of continua. Relativistic dynamics.
Prerequisites: (PHYS 102 or PHYS 130 or PHYS 121) and MATH 102.

PHYS 302 Classical Mechanics II (Klasik Mekanik II) (3+2+0) 3
Review of conservation principles, oscillations in one dimension, damped forced oscillations, non-linear oscillations and introduction to classical perturbation theory. Oscillations in more than one dimension: coupled oscillations, normal modes and coordinates. Introduction to analytical mechanics. Lagrange and Hamilton's equations, conservation principles. Small oscillations, selected applications. Canonical transformations.
Prerequisites: (PHYS 301 or CE 241) and MATH 201.
(Waived for double major students upon consent of instructor.)

PHYS 311 Quantum Physics I (Kuantum Fizigi I) (3+2+0) 3
Modern Physics with an emphasis on physical thinking and order of magnitude estimates. The Special Theory of Relativity and the applications of the Schrödinger equation to the harmonic oscillator, the hydrogen atom, many electron atoms and molecules.
Prerequisites: PHYS 202.

PHYS 312 Quantum Physics II (Kuantum Fizigi II) (3+2+0) 3
Applications of relativity and quantum theory to nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, condensed matter physics, elementary particles and their interactions, astrophysics, cosmology.
Prerequisite: PHYS 311.

PHYS 325 Mathematical Methods of Physics I (3+2+0) 3
(Fizikte Matematiksel Metodlar I)
Infinite series, ordinary differential equations: solutions in closed form, power series solutions, special functions. Functions of a complex variable: calculus of residues, contour integration, contour integral representations of special functions. Linear vector spaces: vectors and matrices, the eigenvalue program. Abstract formulation of vector spaces: function spaces, expansions in orthogonal bases, The Dirac delta function, integral transforms.
Prerequisite: MATH 202.

PHYS 326 Mathematical Methods of Physics II (3+2+0) 3
(Fizikte Matematiksel Metodlar II)
Curvilinear coordinates and tensor analysis. Further applications of complex variables: conformal mapping asymptotic methods, steepest decent, stationary phase, WKB method. Partial differential equations: boundary value problems involving the Laplace, wave and diffusion equations. Introduction to groups and group representations.
Prerequisite: MATH 325.

PHYS 331 Electronics for Physicists I (Fizikçiler için Elektronik I) (2+1+2) 3
A treatment of the fundamental concepts of electronic circuits and circuit components to provide an adequate understanding of electronic techniques used in modern instrumentation and experimental physics: diode and transistor characteristics, transistor biasing and thermal stabilization. Small and large signal low frequency transistor models, transistor amplifier circuits, field-effect transistors. Integrated circuits-operational amplifiers, feedback amplifiers and oscillators. Impedance matching. Large signal amplifiers, rectifiers and filters. (One laboratory session every week.)
Prerequisites: PHYS 201 and EE 210.

PHYS 332 Electronics for Physicists II (Fizikciler icin Elektronik II) (2+1+2) 3
Continuation of PHYS 331 with emphasis on integrated circuits and the use of field-effect transistors in electronic circuit switching and digital methods: Linear and non-linear analog systems, combinational and sequential digital systems, metal-oxide semiconductor/large scale integrated (MOS/LSI) digital systems, digital to analog and analog to digital (D/A and A/D) systems. (One laboratory session every week.)
Prerequisite: PHYS 331.

PHYS 337 Introduction to Physical Methods in Medical Diagnosis (3+2+0) 3
(Tipta Tani Amaciyla Kullanilan Fiziksel Yontemler)
Fundamentals of X-rays, generation and detection of X-rays, X-ray diagnostic methods, fundamentals of acoustics; propagation, generation and detection of ultrasound, ultrasound diagnostic methods, fundamentals of radioactivity, generation and detection of nuclear emission, diagnostic methods using radiation detector probes, radiation dosimetry, biological effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation, principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, review of other physical diagnostic procedures, biological effects of high magnetic fields.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202.

PHYS 345 Classical Astronomy (Klasik Astronomi) (3+2+0) 3
Motion of the sun, moon, planets and stars as observed by the naked eye, celestial mapping and time-keeping; Kepler's laws of planetary motion, planetary physics, stellar parallax and stellar aberration, the Doppler effect, variable stars, the measurement of stellar distances, the proper motion of stars, star clusters and galaxies; gaseous nebulae and planetary nebulae; the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and stellar evolution, red giants and white dwarfs; novas and supernovas, pulsars and x-ray sources, neutron stars and black holes, the Big-Bang theory and the expanding universe. Cosmological questions.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 346 Introduction to Astrophysics (Astrofizige Giris) (3+2+0) 3
Basics of astrophysical studies: positions of stars and their proper motions, distance determination to nearby stars; brightness calculations, angular radii of stars, spectral classification of stars, equations of stellar structure, physics of stellar interiors.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 371 Modern Physics for Engineers (3+2+0) 3
(Muhendisler icin Modern Fizik)
Basic concepts of quantum physics. Solutions of the Schrödinger equation in one dimension: particle in a box, finite square well, harmonic oscillator, periodic potentials, barrier penetration. Tunneling phenomena in metal and molecules. The hydrogen atom in wave mechanics. Many-electron atoms: optical excitations and X-ray line spectra. Molecular structure: bonding mechanisms, vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom. The ammonia maser, statistical physics: electron gas, photon gas. Lasers. The specific heat of crystalline solids. Brownian motion. Thermionic emission. Elementary solid state physics: Crystal lattices and phonons, metals, semiconductors and superconducts. The Josephson junction.

PHYS 380 Introduction to Electromagnetic Radiation (3+2+0) 3
(Elektromanyetik Isimaya Giris)
Review of Maxwell's equations, and derivation of their differential form. Importance of continuity equation and displacement current. Derivation of EM wave equation in vacuum, simple solutions and their basic properties, including Poynting's vector etc. Interaction of radiation with matter, physical basis of the index of refraction. Boundary conditions and simple discussion of reflection and refraction of EM waves from conductors and insulators.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202.

PHYS 390 Computer Assisted Data Analysis in Physics (2+1+2) 3
(Fizikte Bilgisayar Destekli Veri Analizi)
Review of program and data structures in a structured programming language. Processing large volumes of data with computers and collection of statistics. Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Moment generating functions, Poisson and Bernouilli processes and hypothesis testing. Variance analysis. Least squares, maximum likely hood, and Bayes analysis. Error analysis and propagation. Monte Carlo simulation and its applications. Case studies, laboratory exercises, and projects on the computer, supporting topics covered in lectures.
Prerequisites: MATH 202 and (PHYS 290 or CmpE 150 or consent of instructor).

PHYS 391 Physical Electronics I (Fiziksel Elektronik I) (3+2+0) 3
Basic principles pertaining to the operation and characteristics of electron devices: electron ballistics and applications, electron emission, energy levels and energy bands. Conduction in metals and semiconductors. Electron statistics, Schottky barriers, p-n junctions and applications diodes.
Prerequisite: (PHYS 202 or equivalent) and MATH 201.

PHYS 392 Physical Electronics II (Fiziksel Elektronik II) (3+2+0) 3
Physical principles underlying the operation and characteristics of bipolar junction transistors, optoelectronic devices, negative resistance devices and integrated circuits.
Prerequisite: PHYS 391 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 401 Electromagnetism I (Elektromagnetizma I) (3+2+0) 3
Vector analysis, solution of electrostatic problems: Poisson's and Laplace's equations, method of images. Electrostatics in dielectric media, electrostatic energy. Electric current, magnetic field of steady current, electromagnetic induction, magnetic properties of matter, magnetic energy.
Prerequisites: PHYS 325 and PHYS 202.

PHYS 402 Electromagnetism II (Elektromagnetizma II) (3+2+0) 3
Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, interaction of radiation with matter: the physical origin of the refractive index, Fresnel's equations. Multipole expansions of the radiation field: electric dipole, magnetic dipole and electric quadruple radiation. Waveguides and cavity resonators. Theory of diffraction. Electrodynamics, special theory of relativity and transformations of the electric and magnetic fields.
Prerequisite: PHYS 401 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 407 Advanced Quantum Physics I (Ileri Kuantum Fizigi I) (3+2+0) 3
Fundamental concepts of relativity and quantum physics and their applications to the structure of single and multielectron atoms. Introduction to mathematical foundations of quantum physics. Emphasis on understanding quintal phenomena and order of magnitude estimates. Cannot be taken for credit in addition to PHYS 311.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202.

PHYS 408 Advanced Quantum Physics II (Ileri Kuantum Fizigi II) (3+2+0) 3
Continuation of PHYS 407 involving applications of relativity and quantum physics to molecules, nuclei, radioactivity and nuclear reactions elementary particles, condensed matter physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Cannot be taken for credit in addition to PHYS 312.
Prerequisite: PHYS 407 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 410 Quantum Mechanics (Kuantum Mekanigi) (3+2+0) 3
Wave packets and uncertainty relations, the Schrödinger equation, one dimensional potentials, the Schrödinger Equation in three dimensions, angular momentum, the hydrogen atom, spin angular momentum, the elementary treatment of the addition of angular momenta, the structure of atoms and molecules, first order perturbation theory.
Prerequisite: PHYS 311.

PHYS 411 Quantum Mechanics I (Kuantum Mekanigi I) (3+2+0) 3
Basic postulates of quantum mechanics. Wave and matrix mechanics. The Schrödinger equation. Orbital angular momentum. Exactly solvable bound state problems. The independent perturbation theory and applications. Spin angular momentum. Addition of angular momenta, variational methods.
Prerequisites: PHYS 325 and PHYS 311.

PHYS 412 Quantum Mechanics II (Kuantum Mekanigi II) (3+2+0) 3
Time dependent perturbation theory and applications. Scattering theory. Born approximation, partial waves, phase shifts and cross sections. Spin dependent scattering amplitudes. Introduction to relativistic quantum mechanics.
Prerequisite: PHYS 411 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 421 Statistical Mechanics (Istatistik Mekanik) (3+2+0) 3
Review of thermodynamics. Microcanonical, canonical, and grand canonical ensembles. Classical and quantum gases. Applications.

PHYS 422 Statistical Mechanics and Introduction to Many Body Theory
(Istatistik Mekanik ve Cok Cisim Kuramina Giris) (3+2+0) 3
Review and further study of the properties of quantum gases. Second quantization. Fluctuations and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Interacting Bose and Fermi systems. Superfluidity and superconductivity. Introduction to many body theory, Feynman and Goldstone diagrams. Selected applications in nuclear and solid-state physics.

PHYS 442 Experimental Physics I (Deneysel Fizik I) (2+0+4) 4
Experiments illustrative of basic experimental techniques in modern physics such as, photo electric effect, charge to mass ratio of the electron, scattering, Cavendish torsion balance, study of counting statistics, x-ray scattering, radioactivity, quantization of atomic energy levels. Furthermore, quick review of data analysis: statistics, probability distributions, least squares method, c2 test.
Prerequisite: PHYS 311 or PHYS 407.

PHYS 443 Experimental Physics II (Deneysel Fizik II) (2+0+4) 4
Continuation of PHYS 442 Experimental Physics I. Hall effect in semiconductors, gamma-ray attenuation, laser applications, Na-doublet wavelength separation, Fabry-Perot interferometer, coherence length, diffraction of matter waves, Stefan-Boltzman law and other modern physics experiments. A quick review of computers, programming, Internet, vacuum techniques, particle accelerators, passage of radiation through matter and radiation safety.
Prerequisite: PHYS 442 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 445 Observational Astronomy (Gozlemsel Astronomi) (3+0+0) 3
Principles of applications of the telescope, prism spectrometer, grating spectrograph, Michelson-Morley, Fabry-Perot interferometers in astronomy and astrophysics.
Prerequisite: PHYS 345.

PHYS 446 Computational Astronomy (Hesaplamali Astronomi) (3+2+0) 3
Computational methods used in astronomy. Study of celestial charts and atlases, as well as the analysis of astronomical data, use of computer programs on these subjects.
Prerequisite: PHYS 345.

PHYS 447 Computational Astrophysics (Hesaplamali Astrofizik) (3+2+0) 3
Study of some general astrophysics package programs and observational individual source spectra.
Prerequisite: PHYS 346.

PHYS 448 History of Astronomy (Astronomi Tarihi) (3+2+0) 3
History of astronomy from ancient times to the present day, astronomy in ancient Babylonia and Egypt, ancient Greek astronomy, the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus, the geocentric theory of Ptolemy, astronomy in Islam, the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, the work of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Huygens, Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation, measurement of the velocity of light by Römer, Laplace's celestial mechanics, the beginning of astrophysics in the theories and observations of modern physics, the discoveries and theories of modern astronomy.
Prerequisite: PHYS 202 or consent of instructor.

PHYS 449 Cosmic X-Ray Astronomy (Kozmik X Isini Astronomisi) (3+2+0) 3
Galactic and extra-galactic X-ray sources. Instrumentation, X-ray emission mechanisms, and the spectra of X-ray sources.
Prerequisite: PHYS 346.

PHYS 452 Atomic and Molecular Physics (Atom ve Molekül Fizigi) (3+2+0) 3
Hydrogen atom and its spectrum. Many electron atoms. Hartree theory, Thomas-Fermi theory. Electron correlations. Interaction of atoms with static electric and magnetic fields and with electromagnetic radiation. Hyperfine structure. Exotic atoms. Rydberg atoms. Structure of molecules. Molecular spectroscopy.
Prerequisite: PHYS 411.

PHYS 456 Modern Optics (Modern Optik) (3+2+0) 3
Maxwell's equations. Plane and spherical waves. Polarization. Crystal optics, propagation of light in anisotropic media. Optical activity. Interference. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Fourier optics.
Prerequisites: PHYS 311, PHYS 401 or PHYS 380.

PHYS 458 Quantum Electronics (Kuantum Elektronigi) (3+2+0) 3
Generation, manipulation, propagation, and application of coherent radiation. Fundamental processes in lasers and masers. The basic theory of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with resonant atomic transitions. Laser oscillations, Raman effect, and non-linear optics. Light modulation, introduction to quantum noise theory.
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

PHYS 462 Solid State Physics (Kati Hal Fizigi) (3+2+0) 3
Crystal structure, electron gas, band theory, electronic conductivity, semiconductors, superconductivity, magnetic properties of matter.
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

PHYS 466 Nuclear Physics (Nukleer Fizik) (3+2+0) 3
Nuclear structure: liquid drop model, simple shell model, rotational and vibrational nuclei. Natural and artificial radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Nuclear reactions and cross-sections. Optical model, compound nucleus reactions, direct reactions. Heavy ion reactions. Fission.
Prerequisite: PHYS 411 or PHYS 312.

PHYS 472 Elementary Particle Physics (Temel Tanecikler Fizigi) (3+2+0) 3
Classification of elementary particles. Particle scattering and decay. Conservation principles. Particle interactions and resonances. Parity and CP violation, quark model, unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions.
Prerequisite: PHYS 411.

PHYS 480-490, 493-499 Selected Topics in Physics I, II (3+0+0) 3
(Fizikte Ozel Konular)
Study of selected topics in physics not covered in other courses at undergraduate level.

PHYS 491, 492 Introduction to Research in Physics I, II (3+2+0) 3
(Fizikte Arastirmaya Giris I, II)
Literature search for a specified research topic, preferably involving the study of relevant articles in international research journals. Attempt to make an independent experimental or theoretical contribution to the topics.

STS 200 Science and Technology as Contemporary Issues (3+0+0) 3
(Bilim ve Teknolojinin Cagimizdaki Yeri)
A brief review of landmarks in the history of science and technology. Science versus art, scientific discovery versus technical innovation, discussion of the role of mathematics in the context of science and technology. The relevance of progress in science and technology to social and economic developments. Developments such as high temperature superconductivity, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, nuclear fusion are also to be discussed. (Not offered to science and engineering students).

STS 205 The Climate (Iklim) (3+0+0) 3 (ECTS 6 )
A survey course primarily for non-science students, with a heaviliy visual character. The climate system, physics of solar energy production and radiation, and the energy budget of the Earth. Effects of the atmosphere and the oceans on climate. Clouds and aerosols,. Radiative transfer, greenhouse effect, ozone layer. Climate sensitivity and change, climate models and predictions, climate on other planets.

STS 230 Theory of Musical Sound (Muzikte Ses Kurami) (3+0+0) 3
The physics of oscillations and wave motion. Sound, its generation and propagation, harmonics, interference, beats and combinations. Characteristics of a musical tone; notation of duration; meter. Intervals and construction of scales. Chords and harmonic progression. Characteristics of musical instruments. Introduction to musical forms.
Prerequisites: (PHYS 102 or PHYS 121 or PHYS 130), and MATH 102.

STS 322 History of Classical Physics (Klasik Fizigin Tarihi) (3+0+0) 3
Presentation of the development of important principles and interesting details of classical physics from the deepest past to the invention of radio in essentially chronological order.

STS 323 History of Modern Physics (Modern Fizigin Tarihi) (3+0+0) 3
Presentation of the development of principles and interesting details of modern physics from the discovery o X-rays to present in essentially chronological order.

STS 401 History of Science: up to the 18th century (3+0+0) 3
(Bilim Tarihi: 18. yuzyila kadar)
The evolution of science in the ancient Near Eastern Civilizations; followed by a survey of Greek and Arab sciences. Scientific activity in the Renaissance, with particular attention to astronomy (Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Copernicus, Galileo). The development of mathematical analysis. The epoch-making work of Newton in Physics and Mathematics.

STS 410 History of Science: from the 18th century to the present (3+0+0) 3
(Bilim Tarihi: 18. yüzyildan gunumuze)
A survey of the growth of sciences since the Enlightenment: 18th century developments in theoretical astronomy, applied mathematics and biology. The electromagnetic theory and thermodynamics (19th c.). Development of modern physics, mathematics and biology in the 20th century. Space technology, computers and the "revolution" in electronics.

STS 421 History of Mathematics (Matematik Tarihi) (3+0+0) 3
Mathematics as a deductive science in pre-classical and classical times. Developments in mathematics from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. in the Far East, India, Persia, Arabia and Europe. 16th century developments in algebra. The development of analytic geometry and calculus, culminating in the works of Newton and Leibnitz (17th c.). Applications of calculus in the 18th century (Euler, Lagrange, Laplace). The emergence of set theory, abstract algebra, complex analysis and mathematical logic (19th c.). 20th century developments, generalizations in mathematical structures, computers.

STS 440 Science in Turkish Civilizations (3+0+0) 3
(Turk Medeniyetlerinde Bilim)
A survey of the field with special emphasis on the development of science in Turkish-Islamic civilizations. Scientific activity in the Seljuk and Ottoman states. Science, scientific policies and institutions in modern Turkey.

STS 480-499 Special Topics in the History of Science and Technology (3+0+0) 3
(Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihinde Ozel Konular)
Study of selected topics in the history of sciences and technology not covered in other courses.

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Contact Information Bogazici University 34342 Bebek, Istanbul Tel: 0212 359 54 00